| 1 |
の |
| 1. syllable. Hiragana syllable, romaji no | |
| 2. part. genitive case marker | |
| 3. part. indicates possession: of, -'s | |
| 私の意見 - my opinion | |
| 4. part. indicates identity or apposition | |
| 2 |
に |
| 1. syllable. Hiragana syllable, romaji ni | |
| 2. part. particle for indirect objects; to | |
| 俺に返せ。 - Give it back to me. | |
| 3. part. particle for location; in | |
| 学校にいる。 - I'm at/in school. | |
| 3 |
する |
| 1. v. to do | suru |
| 何をしていますか。 - What are you doing? | |
| 2. v. to wear (accessories) | |
| ネクタイをする。 - I wear a necktie. | |
| 3. v. (に～) to make into a certain state; to cause to become | |
| 4 |
は |
| 1. syllable. Hiragana syllable, romaji ha | |
| 2. part. (a particle that acts as a topic marker) | |
| これは犬です。 - This the topic, about which we are speaking is a dog. | |
| 今日は雨ですね。 - It seems like it is raining today. | |
| 今日は雨が降っています。 - literally Today is rain is falling. | |
| 5 |
を |
| 1. syllable. Hiragana syllable, romaji o/wo | |
| 2. part. An (accusative case particle: a grammatical marker following the direct object.) | |
| 私がリンゴを食べる。 - I eat an apple. | |
| 私をリンゴが食べる。 - An apple eats me. | |
| * As shown in the above two usage examples, Japanese sentences use particles to indicate subject and object, instead of using word order as in English. | |
| 6 |
が |
| 1. part. Indicates the subject of a sentence. | |
| 猫が餌を食べた。 - The cat is the thing that ate the cat food. | |
| 犬がいる。 - There is a dog. | |
| 木がある。 - There is a tree. | |
| 2. part. conjunction ("but") | |
| 7 |
と |
| 1. syllable. Hiragana syllable, romaji to | |
| 2. part. with | |
| 僕と行きたい？ - Do you want to go with me? | |
| あなたと一緒に行きます。 - I will go with you. | |
| 3. part. (when between nouns) and | |
| 8 |
年 |
| 1. counter. years | nen |
| 2. n. a year | |
| 年に一度 - once a year | |
| 3. suffix. a grade, a school year | |
| 彼 は 中学 ２年 だ。 - He's in the second grade in junior high school. | |
| 9 |
で |
| 1. part. at: indicating a location at which something happens | |
| ここで休みたい。 - I want to rest here (at this location). | |
| 2. part. with, by, using: indicating the means by or with which something happens | |
| 筆ペンで書く - to write with a brush pen | |
| 自転車で行きましょう。 - Let's go by bicycle. | |
| 10 |
だ |
| 1. v. (jodoshi) (A general auxiliary verb following parts of speech that do not inflect by themselves, including nouns, na-adjectives, adverbs and prepositional phrases. Its meaning depends on the context | |
| 彼は無実だ。 - He is not guilty. | |
| 汚物 は 消毒 だ。 - The filth should be disinfected. | |
| お代わり だ。 - (Of a second helping) one more please. | |
| 冬休みは明日からだ。 - Winter vacation is from tomorrow. (Winter vacation starts from tomorrow.) | |
| 11 |
月 |
| 1. n. the moon | tsuki |
| 日本では月にうさぎが住んでいるというお話があります。 - In Japan, there is a fairy-tale that rabbits live on the moon. | |
| 月は地球の唯一の衛星です。 - The moon is the one and only satellite of the Earth. | |
| 2. n. (astronomy) a natural satellite | |
| 3. n. moonlight, moonbeam | |
| 12 |
も |
| 1. syllable. Hiragana syllable, romaji mo | |
| 2. part. too, also, as well | |
| 田中さんはビールを飲んでいる。スミスさんも飲んでいる。 - Tanaka is drinking beer. Smith is also drinking. | |
| 本日もご来店くださいまして、ありがとうございます。 - Thank you for visiting our store today as well as other days. | |
| 私にもくれた。 - She gave some to me, too. | |
| 13 |
から |
| 1. part. from, out of | kara |
| 東京から帰った。 - He returned from Tokyo. | |
| ずっと前からの話 - a conversation from way back | |
| 2. part. after (following て-form verbs) | |
| 終わってから、来て下さい。 - Please come by after finishing after you've finished. | |
| 14 |
日 |
| 1. counter. day of a month | nichi |
| ２%７日 - the 27th | |
| 2. counter. number of days | |
| 誕生日まであと12日だ - My birthday is in twelve days. | |
| 3. counter. Usage: Sometimes shortened to んち, , -nchi or ち, , -chi. | |
| 15 |
成る |
| 1. v. なる: become | naru |
| 私は先生になります。 - I will become a teacher. | |
| コーヒーが冷たくなりました。 - The coffee got cold. | |
| 2. v. Usage: * (ja-uk) | |
| 3. v. Usage: * なる corresponds to the English verb "become". When a noun or an adjectival noun (na-adjective) precedes (lang, ja, なる) it is followed by に. | |
| 16 |
こと |
| 1. n. 事: thing, matter | koto |
| 2. n. 言: saying | |
| 3. n. 琴, 筝: Japanese zither/harp | |
| 4. n. 異, 殊: difference, exception | |
| 17 |
有る |
| 1. v. alternative spelling of ある | aru |
| 18 |
よる |
| 1. v. よる: be based on, depend on, be due to - (at most case) | yoru |
| 2. v. 拠る: be based on, depend on | |
| 3. v. 因る: be due to | |
| 4. v. 寄る: drop by, stop at | |
| 5. v. 選る: select | |
| 19 |
や |
| 1. syllable. Hiragana syllable, romaji ya | |
| 2. part. and/or | |
| おとしよりや体の不自由な方は登録しませんか。 - Don’t seniors and the physically handicapped and others register? | |
| 最近は犬や猫を飼っている人は多い - recently, many people are raising animals like dogs and/or cats | |
| 3. part. Usage: * Used to conjoin nouns | |
| 20 |
など |
| 1. part. 等: for example, things like, such as, etc., and so on | nado |
| 納豆や歌舞伎などは日本だけにある。 - Things like natto and kabuki are only in Japan. | |
| 2. part. Usage: * | |
