| il |
| 1. pron. he (third-person singular masculine subject pronoun for human subject) | |
| Il est parti. - He left. | |
| 2. pron. it (third-person singular subject pronoun for grammatically masculine objects) | |
| Je cherche mon livre. Où est-il ? - I'm looking for my book. Where is it? | |
| 3. pron. (impersonal pronoun) Impersonal subject; it | |
| Il pleut. - It’s raining. | |
| ne |
| 1. part. (literary) not (used alone to negate a verb; now chiefly with only a few particular verbs: see usage notes) | |
| 2. part. not, no (used before a verb, with a coordinating negative element usually following; see Usage Notes, below) | |
| 3. part. (Used in a subordinate clause before a subjunctive verb (especially when the main verb expresses doubt or fear), to provide extra overtones of doubt or uncertainty (but not negating its verb); the so- | |
| 4. part. In comparative clauses usually translated with the positive sense of the subsequent negative | |
| Apprendre le français est plus facile qu'on ne pense. - Learning French is easier than you (might) think. | |
| y |
| 1. pron. there (at a place) | |
| Il est dans la maison. Il y est. - He is in the house. He is there. | |
| 2. pron. there, thither (to there) | |
| Nous allons au Mexique. Nous y allons. - We are going to Mexico. We are going there. | |
| 3. pron. Used as a pronoun to replace an adverbial phrase starting with à. | |
| Je pense à mon pays. J'y pense. - I think about my country. I think about it. | |
| 4. pron. With verbs: see for verbs which use this structure. | |
| 5. pron. With adjectives. Only used with a handful of adjectives (the most common combination being y compris, which is a special case), mainly in legal terminology. | |
| personnes y nommées - Persons named there(in) | |
| procédures y afférentes - Related procedures | |
| documents y relatifs - Related documents | |
| eaux y affluentes - Tributary waters | |
| 6. pron. (Quebec, France, colloquial) he: Alternative form of il | |
| 7. pron. (Quebec, France, colloquial) they: Alternative form of ils | |
| 8. pron. (Quebec, colloquial) they: Alternative form of elles | |
| a |
| 1. n. a, the name of the Latin-script letter A | |
| 2. pron. (Quebec, colloquial) alt form-lite, elle, , she | |
| C'te fille-là, a'a l'air cute. - This girl, she looks cute. | |
| 3. v. third-person singular present indicative of avoir | |
| Elle a un chat. - She has a cat. | |
| avoir |
| 1. n-m. asset, possession | |
| 2. v. to have (to own; to possess) | |
| J'aimerais avoir 20 dollars. - I would like to have 20 dollars. | |
| 3. v. (auxiliary) to have (auxiliary verb to form compound past tenses of most verbs) | |
| J'ai parlé. - I have spoken, I spoke. | |
| Qu'est-ce que vous m'avez fait ? - What have you done to me? | |
| 4. v. to have (a condition) | |
| J'ai faim. - I have hunger. | |
| J'ai soif. - I have thirst. | |
| J'ai froid. - I have cold. | |
| J'ai chaud. - I have hot. | |
| J'ai la chiasse. - I have the shits. | |
| J'ai le rhume. - I have a cold. | |
| J'ai le SIDA. - I have AIDS. | |
| J'ai de la fièvre. - I've got a fever. | |
| 5. v. to have (a measure or age) | |
| Elle a 19 ans. - She has 19 years. | |
| 6. v. to have (to trick) | |
| Tu t'es fait avoir. - You've been had. | |
| 7. v. to have (to participate in an experience) | |
| avoir des relations sexuelles - to have sexual relations | |
| 8. v. (indtr, à) to have (to), must +preo, à, infinitive | |
| J'ai à vous parler. - I have to talk to you. | |
| il y a |
| 1. v. singular present indicative of y avoir: there is, there are | |
| Il y a un problème. - There is a problem. | |
| Il y a deux personnes ici. - There are two people here. | |
| 2. prep. ago | |
| Je l'ai vu il y a longtemps. - I saw it a long time ago. | |
| Elle est allée en France il y a deux ans. - She went to France two years ago. | |
| C'est il y a dix ans que je suis allé aux États-Unis. - It was ten years ago that I went to the United States. | |
| y a |
| 1. v. (colloquial)contraction of il y a | |
| Heureusement, y a l'amour. - Fortunately, there's love. Lyric by Michelle Daniel (1968) | |
| y avoir |
| 1. v. (impersonal, transitive) there be | |
| Il y a deux raisons. - There are two reasons. | |
| que |
| 1. conj. that (introduces a subordinate noun clause and connects it to its parent clause) | |
| Je vois que tu parles bien français. - I see that you speak French well. | |
| 2. conj. Substitutes for another, previously stated conjunction. | |
| Si le temps est beau et que tout le monde est d'accord, nous mangerons en plein air. - If the weather is nice and if everyone likes the idea, we'll eat outside. | |
| 3. conj. when, no sooner | |
| Il était à peine parti qu’elle a téléphoné à la police. - No sooner had he left when she called the police. | |
| 4. conj. (Links two noun phrases in apposition forming a clause without a (finite) verb, such that the complement acts as predicate.) | |
| 5. conj. introduces a comparison | |
| 6. conj. (comparisons of superiority or inferiority) than | |
| Il est plus grand que son père. - He is taller than his father. | |
| 7. conj. (comparisons of equality) as | |
| Elle est aussi intelligente que toi. - She is as smart as you. | |
| 8. conj. (used with ne) only, just; but, nothing but | |
| Je ne mange que des fruits. - I eat nothing but fruit. | |
| 9. conj. how (in rhetorical interjections) | |
| Que c'est beau! - How beautiful it is! | |
| Mais que t'es drôle, quoi. - Oh, how funny you are. | |
| 10. pron. (tlb, interrogative) | |
| 11. pron. (slightly formal, accusative) (The inanimate direct-object interrogative pronoun.) | |
| Que pensez-vous de cette peinture ? - What do you think of that painting? | |
| Qu'auriez-vous fait d'autre ? - What else would you have done? | |
| 12. pron. (slightly formal, nominative) (The inanimate subject or predicative interrogative pronoun.) | |
| Qu'est-il arrivé ? - What happened? | |
| Que me vaut cette visite ? - To what do I owe this visit? | |
| Que sommes-nous ? - What are we? | |
| 13. pron. (accusative, relative) (The direct object relative pronoun.) | |
| C'est un homme que je connais très bien. - He's a man whom I know very well. | |
| Je viens de lire la lettre que vous m'avez envoyée. - I've just read the letter that you sent me. | |
| dans |
| 1. prep. (literal, figurative) in, inside (enclosed in a physical space, a group, a state) | |
| vieillir dans la misère - to grow old in poverty | |
| être dans l'infanterie - to be in the infantry | |
| avoir quelque chose dans la bouche - to have something in the mouth | |
| dans les circonstances d'une pandémie - under the circumstances of a pandemic | |
| Il habite dans le quartier le plus riche de Paris. - He lives in the richest district of Paris. | |
| Il nage comme un poisson dans l'eau. - He swims like a fish in the water. | |
| mettre l'argent dans la poche - to put money into one's pocket | |
| Bienvenue dans le meilleur bar de tout Paris. - Welcome to the best bar in all of Paris. | |
| 2. prep. to (indicates direction towards certain large subdivisions, see usage notes) | |
| Aujourd'hui, je vais dans le Maine, et demain, je vais dans l’État de New York. - Today, I'm going to Maine, and tomorrow, I'm going to New York. | |
| 3. prep. in, within (a longer period of time) | |
| Je serai prêt dans une heure. - I'll be ready in one hour. | |
| Il arrivera dans trois jours. - He will arrive in three days. | |
| 4. prep. (with respect to time) during | |
| dans un temps donné - during a given time | |
| dans ma jeunesse - in my youth | |
| 5. prep. out of, from | |
| boire dans une tasse - to drink from a cup | |
| Il prend le beurre dans le réfrigérateur. - He takes the butter out of the fridge. | |
| 6. prep. (metonymy) in; in the works of | |
| le marxisme dans Sartre - Marxism in the works of Sartre | |
| 7. prep. (colloquial) (Used in dans les) | |
| dans les trentes kilos - about thirty kilos | |
| dans les dix euros - about ten euros | |
| 8. n. plural of dan | |
| notre |
| 1. det. (possessive) our | |
| C'est notre maison. - It's our house. | |
| Notre Père, qui es aux cieux... - Our Father, who art in Heaven... | |
| France |
| 1. Proper noun. France (a country in Western Europe) | |
| 2. Proper noun. given name, female | |
| 3. Proper noun. surname, French | |
| barbare |
| 1. adj. barbarian (uncivilized) | |
| 2. adj. Berber | |
| où |
| 1. adv. where (interrogative) | |
| Où est la gare? - Where is the station? | |
| Où tu vas, là ? - Hey, where are you going? | |
| Comment savez-vous où j'habite ? - How do you know where I live? | |
| 2. adv. where (relative pronoun) | |
| 3. adv. at that time; when | |
| Je ne l'ai pas vu aussi heureux depuis le jour où il est devenu père. - I haven't seen him so happy since the day when he became a father. | |
| 4. adv. (poetic) whither, to where | |
| Un ciel plus pur et des dieux meilleurs, je t'offre à Rome où je me rends. - A purer heaven and better gods I offer you in Rome, whither I go. | |
| une |
| 1. num. feminine singular of un | |
| 2. art. a / an (feminine indefinite article) | |
| 3. n-f. front page (of a publication) | |
| fausse |
| 1. adj. feminine singular of faux | |
| fausser |
| 1. v. to falsify, to render invalid | |
| 2. v. to skew, to distort (a result) | |
| faux |
| 1. adj. false; untrue | |
| 2. adj. false; not real | |
| 3. adv. badly; inaccurately; untruly | |
| 4. n-f. scythe | |
| 5. v. first-person singular present indicative of faillir | |
| 6. v. second-person singular present indicative of faillir | |
| et |
| 1. conj. and | |
| ridicule |
| 1. adj. ridiculous (all meanings) | |
| pitié |
| 1. n-f. pity, mercy | |
| crut |
| 1. v. third-person singular past historic of croire | |
| croire |
| 1. v. to believe (someone) | |
| Il jure qu'il dit la vérité. Je ne le crois pas. - He swears that he's telling the truth. I do not believe him. | |
| Je crois que c'est vrai. - I believe that it is true. | |
| 2. v. to believe, to accept as true (+preo, à, something) | |
| Croire à quelque chose - To believe in something. | |
| Les français croient à l'amour. - The French believe in love. | |
| Croyez-vous à l'existence de Dieu? - Do you believe (in) the existence of God? | |
| Nous croyons à la venue du messie. - We believe in the coming of the Messiah. | |
| 3. v. to believe, to have faith + en (object) = in | |
| croire en quelqu'un, en quelque chose - I have faith in someone, ...in something. | |
| Oui, je crois en Dieu. - Yes, I believe in God. | |
| Je crois en toi. - I have faith in you. | |
| Il ne croit qu'en soi. - He only believes in himself. | |
| 4. v. to think of oneself as, to consider oneself as | |
| Il se croit parfait. - He thinks he's perfect. | |
| devoir |
| 1. n-m. duty | |
| manquer à son devoir, manquer à tous ses devoirs - to fail in one's duty, duties | |
| Il est de mon devoir de protéger le roi. - It is my duty to protect the king. | |
| 2. n-m. exercise, assignment (set for homework) | |
| 3. v. must, to have to, should (as a requirement) | |
| Les auteurs d'un dictionnaire doivent déterminer au départ les catégories de mots à retenir, en fonction des limites imposées par l'éditeur et du public visé. - The authors of a dictionary have | |
| 4. v. (present) must | |
| 5. v. (conditional) should | |
| 6. v. must, to do or have with certainty | |
| 7. v. to owe (money, obligation and etc) | |
| 8. v. (literary, intransitive, in imperfect subjunctive, with inversion of subject) (even) though it be necessary (+ infinitive) | |
| 9. v. to have a duty to | |
| enchaîner |
| 1. v. to chain, to shackle | |
| 2. v. (figurative) to subjugate, to enslave | |
| 3. v. to put together (in a sequence), to concatenate | |
| ce |
| 1. det. this, that | |
| 2. pron. (subject of être, with predicative adjectives or relative clauses, singular only) it, this, that (see § Usage notes, below) | |
| C'est beau ! - It is beautiful! | |
| est-ce que...? - is it that...? | |
| ce dont je parlais - that which I was speaking of | |
| C'eût été avec plaisir, mais... - It would have been with pleasure, but... | |
| C'eût été dommage... - It would have been a pity... | |
| 3. pron. (subject of être, with predicate nouns) he, she, it, this, that | |
| C'est un/une célébrité. - He/she is a celebrity. | |
| Ce sont des célébrités. - These are celebrities. | |
| Ce sont des gens bien. - These are good people. | |
| ce semble - it seems | |
| ce peuvent être... - these may be... | |
| droit |
| 1. n-m. right (entitlement) | |
| J'ai le droit de dormir. - I have the right to sleep. | |
| 2. n-m. law (study of law) | |
| Il est étudiant en droit. - He is a law student. | |
| 3. n-m. (geometry) right angle | |
| Un angle de trois droits. - An angle of 270 degrees. | |
| 4. adj. right (on the right-hand side) | |
| Donne-moi ta main droite. - Give me your right hand. | |
| 5. adj. straight (not bent or crooked) | |
| Une rue droite. - A straight road. | |
| 6. adj. (geometry) right (of an angle) | |
| 7. adv. straight, straight on | |
| 8. adv. upright, straight, not bent or crooked | |
| Tenez votre tête droit. - Keep your head straight. | |
