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from
     1. prep. With the source or provenance of or at.
           This wine comes from France.
           I got a letter from my brother.
     2. prep. With the origin, starting point or initial reference of or at.
           He had books piled from floor to ceiling.
           He left yesterday from Chicago.
           Face away from the wall!
     3. prep. (mathematics, now uncommon) Denoting a subtraction operation.
           20 from 31 leaves 11.
     4. prep. With the separation, exclusion or differentiation of.
           An umbrella protects from the sun.
           He knows right from wrong.
that
     1. conj. Introducing a clause which is the subject or object of a verb (such as one involving reported speech), or which is a complement to a previous statement.
           He told me that the book is a good read.
           I believe that it is true. — She is convinced that he is British.
     2. conj. Introducing a subordinate clause expressing a reason or cause: because, in that.
           Be glad that you have enough to eat.
     3. conj. (now uncommon) Introducing a subordinate clause that expresses an aim, purpose or goal ("final"), and usually contains the auxiliaries may, might or should: so, so that.
     4. conj. Introducing — especially, but not exclusively, with an antecedent like so or such — a subordinate clause expressing a result, consequence or effect.
           The noise was so loud that she woke up.
           The problem was sufficiently important that it had to be addressed.
     5. conj. (archaic, or poetic) Introducing a premise or supposition for consideration: seeing as; inasmuch as; given that; as would appear from the fact that.
     6. conj. Introducing a subordinate clause modifying an adverb.
           Was John there? — Not that I saw.
           How often did she visit him? — Twice that I saw.
     7. conj. Introducing an exclamation expressing a desire or wish.
     8. conj. Introducing an exclamation expressing a strong emotion such as sadness or surprise.
     9. det. The (thing, person, idea, etc) indicated or understood from context, especially if more remote physically, temporally or mentally than one designated as "this", or if expressing distinction.
           That book is a good read. This one isn't.
           That battle was in 1450.
           That cat of yours is evil.
     10. pron. (demonstrative) The thing, person, idea, quality, event, action or time indicated or understood from context, especially if more remote geographically, temporally or mentally than one designated as "t
           He went home, and after that I never saw him again.
     11. pron. The known (thing); (used to refer to something just said).
           They're getting divorced. What do you think about that?
     12. pron. (demonstrative) The aforementioned quality; used together with a verb and pronoun to emphatically repeat a previous statement.
           The water is so cold! — That it is.
     13. pron. (relative) (plural that) Which, who; (representing a subject, direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition).
           The CPR course that she took really came in handy.
           The house that he lived in was old and dilapidated.
     14. pron. (colloquial) (Used in place of relative adverbs such as where or when; often omitted.)
           the place that = where or to which I went last year
           the last time that = when I went to Europe
     15. adv. (degree) To a given extent or degree.
           "The ribbon was that thin." "I disagree, I say it was not that thin, it was thicker... or maybe thinner...".
     16. adv. (degree) To a great extent or degree; very, particularly (in negative constructions).
           I'm just not that sick.
           I did the run last year, and it wasn't that difficult.
     17. adv. (obsolete, outside, dialects) To such an extent; so. (in positive constructions).
           Ooh, I was that happy I nearly kissed her.
     18. n. (philosophy) Something being indicated that is there; one of those.
circumstance
     1. n. That which attends, or relates to, or in some way affects, a fact or event; an attendant thing or state of things.
     2. n. An event; a fact; a particular incident.
     3. n. Circumlocution; detail.
     4. n. Condition in regard to worldly estate; state of property; situation; surroundings.
     5. v. To place in a particular situation, especially with regard to money or other resources.
or
     1. conj. Connects at least two alternative words, phrases, clauses, sentences, etc. each of which could make a passage true. In English, this is the "inclusive or." The "exclusive or" is formed by "either(...)
           In Ohio, anyone under the age of 18 who wants a tattoo or body piercing needs the consent of a parent or guardian.
           He might get cancer, or be hit by a bus, or God knows what.
     2. conj. (logic) An operator denoting the disjunction of two propositions or truth values. There are two forms, the inclusive or and the exclusive or.
     3. conj. Counts the elements before and after as two possibilities.
     4. conj. Otherwise (a consequence of the condition that the previous is false).
           It's raining! Come inside or you'll catch a cold!
     5. conj. Connects two equivalent names.
           The country Myanmar, or Burma
     6. n. (logic, electronics) alternative form of OR
     7. n. (tincture) The gold or yellow tincture on a coat of arms.
     8. adj. (tincture) Of gold or yellow tincture on a coat of arms.
     9. adv. (obsolete) Early (on).
     10. adv. (obsolete) Earlier, previously.
     11. prep. (now archaic, or dialect) Before; ere.
origin
     1. n. The beginning of something.
     2. n. The source of a river, information, goods, etc.
     3. n. (mathematics) The point at which the axes of a coordinate system intersect.
     4. n. (anatomy) The proximal end of attachment of a muscle to a bone that will not be moved by the action of that muscle.
     5. n. (cartography) An arbitrary point on Earth's surface, chosen as the zero for a system of coordinates.
     6. n. (in the plural) Ancestry.
therefrom
     1. adv. (formal) From that; from him, her, or it.
thence
     1. adv. From there, from that place or from that time.
           I came thence.
           Cross fix at 6000 feet, thence descend to 3000 feet and fly direct to MAP (missed approach point).
     2. adv. (literary) Deriving from this or as a result of this; for that reason; therefore.
Dictionary entries from Wiktionary